Physics

Chapter 25 Electric Charge and Coulomb’s Law 567 25-1 Electromagnetism: A Preview 567 25-2 Electric Charge 568 25-3 Conductors and Insulators 571 25-4 Coulomb’s Law 573 25-5 Continuous Charge Distributions 576 25-6 Conservation of Charge 580 Questions and Problems 581 Chapter 26 The Electric Field 587 26-1 What is a Field? 587 26-2 The Electric Field 588 26-3 The Electric Field of Point Charges 590 26-4 Electric Field of Continuous Charge Distributions 592 26-5 Electric Field Lines 595 26-6 A Point Charge in an Electric Field 597 26-7 A Dipole in an Electric Field 600 26-8 The Nuclear Model of the Atom (Optional) 602 Questions and Problems 603 Chapter 27 Gauss’ Law 611 27-1 What is Gauss’ Law All About? 611 27-2 The Flux of a Vector Field 612 27-3 The Flux of the Electric Field 613 27-4 Gauss’ Law 616 27-5 Applications of Gauss’ Law 617 27-6 Gauss’ Law and Conductors 621 27-7 Experimental Tests of Gauss’ Law and Coulomb’s Law 624 Questions and Problems 626 Chapter 28 Electric Potential Energy and Potential 635 28-1 Potential Energy 635 28-2 Electric Potential Energy 636 28-3 Electric Potential 639 28-4 Calculating the Potential from the Field 640 28-5 Potential Due to Point Charges 641 28-6 Electric Potential of Continuous Charge Distributions 644 28-7 Calculating the Field from the Potential 646 28-8 Equipotential Surfaces 648 28-9 The Potential of a Charged Conductor 649 28-10 The Electrostatic Accelerator (Optional) 651 Questions and Problems 652 Chapter 29 The Electrical Properties of Materials 661 29-1 Types of Materials 661 29-2 A Conductor in an Electric Field: Static Conditions 662 29-3 A Conductor in an Electric Field: Dynamic Conditions 663 29-4 Ohmic Materials 666 29-5 Ohm’s Law: A Microscopic View 668 29-6 An Insulator in an Electric Field 670 Questions and Problems 672 Chapter 30 Capacitance 679 30-1 Capacitors 679 30-2 Capacitance 679 30-3 Calculating the Capacitance 681 30-4 Capacitors in Series and Parallel 683 30-5 Energy Storage in an Electric Field 685 30-6 Capacitor with Dielectric 687 Questions and Problems 690 Chapter 31 DC Circuits 701 31-1 Electric Current 701 31-2 Electromotive Force 703 31-3 Analysis of Circuits 704 31-4 Electric Fields in Circuits 709 31-5 Resistors in Series and Parallel 710 31-6 Energy Transfers in an Electric Circuit 713 31-7 RC Circuits 713 Questions and Problems 716 Chapter 32 The Magnetic Field 725 32-1 Magnetic Interactions and Magnetic Poles 725 32-2 The Magnetic Force on a Moving Charge 727 32-3 Circulating Charges 731 32-4 The Hall Effect 734 32-5 The Magnetic Force on a Current- Carrying Wire 736 32-6 The Torque on a Current Loop 738 Questions and Problems 740 Chapter 33 The Magnetic Field of a Current 749 33-1 The Magnetic Field due to a Moving Charge 749 33-2 The Magnetic Field of a Current 752 33-3 Two Parallel Currents 756 33-4 The Magnetic Field of a Solenoid 758 33-5 Ampère’s Law 760 33-6 Electromagnetism and Frames of Reference (Optional) 764 Questions and Problems 765 Chapter 34 Faraday’s Law of Induction 775 34-1 Faraday’s Experiments 775 34-2 Faraday’s Law of Induction 776 34-3 Lenz’ Law 777 34-4 Motional emf 780 34-5 Generators and Motors 782 34-6 Induced Electric Fields 783 34-7 Induction and Relative Motion (Optional) 786 Questions and Problems 789 Chapter 35 Magnetic Properties of Materials 801 35-1 The Magnetic Dipole 801 35-2 The Force on a Dipole in a Nonuniform Field 804 35-3 Atomic and Nuclear Magnetism 805 35-4 Magnetization 807 35-5 Magnetic Materials 808 35-6 The Magnetism of the Planets (Optional) 811 35-7 Gauss’ Law for Magnetism 814 Questions and Problems 816 Chapter 36 Inductance 823 36-1 Inductance 823 36-2 Calculating the Inductance 824 36-3 LR Circuits 826 36-4 Energy Storage in a Magnetic Field 827 36-5 Electromagnetic Oscillations: Qualitative 830 36-6 Electromagnetic Oscillations: Quantitative 832 36-7 Damped and Forced Oscillations 833 Questions and Problems 836 Chapter 37 Alternating Current Circuits 845 37-1 Alternating Currents 845 37-2 Three Separate Elements 846 37-3 The Single Loop RLC Circuit 848 37-4 Power in AC Circuits 851 37-5 The Transformer (Optional) 852 Questions and Problems 854 Chapter 38 Maxwell’s Equations and Electromagnetic Waves 861 38-1 The Basic Equations of Electromagnetism 861 38-2 Induced Magnetic Fields and the Displacement Current 862 38-3 Maxwell’s Equations 864 38-4 Generating an Electromagnetic Wave 866 38-5 Traveling Waves and Maxwell’s Equations 868 38-6 Energy Transport and the Poynting Vector 870 38-7 Radiation Pressure 872 Questions and Problems 874 Chapter 39 Light Waves 883 39-1 The Electromagnetic Spectrum 883 39-2 Visible Light 886 39-3 The Speed of Light 887 39-4 Reflection and Refraction of Light Waves 890 39-5 Total Internal Reflection 897 39-6 The Doppler Effect for Light 899 Questions and Problems 902 Chapter 40 Mirrors and Lenses 913 40-1 Image Formation by Mirrors and Lenses 913 40-2 Plane Mirrors 914 40-3 Spherical Mirrors 917 40-4 Spherical Refracting Surfaces 921 40-5 Thin Lenses 923 40-6 Optical Instruments 928 Questions and Problems 930 Chapter 41 Interference 941 41-1 Two-Source Interference 941 41-2 Double-Slit Interference 942 41-3 Coherence 944 41-4 Intensity in Double-Slit Interference 946 41-5 Interference from Thin FIlms 948 41-6 Michelson’s Interferometer 953 Questions and Problems 955 Chapter 42 Diffraction 963 42-1 Diffraction and the Wave Theory of Light 963 42-2 Single-Slit Diffraction 965 42-3 Intensity in Single-Slit Diffraction 967 42-4 Diffraction at a Circular Aperture 970 42-5 Double-Slit Interference and Diffraction Combined 971 Questions and Problems 975 Chapter 43 Gratings and Spectra 981 43-1 Multiple Slits 981 43-2 Diffraction Gratings 985 43-3 Dispersion and Resolving Power 986 43-4 X-ray Diffraction 988 43-5 Holography (Optional) 992 Questions and Problems 994 Chapter 44 Polarization 999 44-1 Polarization of Electromagnetic Waves 999 44-2 Polarizing Sheets 1001 44-3 Polarization by Reflection 1003 44-4 Double Refraction 1004 44-5 Circular Polarization 1006 44-6 Polarization by Scattering 1008 Questions and Problems 1010 Chapter 45 The Nature of Light 1015 45-1 Introducing the Photon 1015 45-2 Thermal Radiation 1016 45-3 The Photoelectric Effect 1019 45-4 The Compton Effect 1021 45-5 The Photon Revealed 1023 45-6 Photons and Waves 1024 45-7 Slowing Down Atoms by Photon Bombardment 1026 Questions and Problems 1028 Chapter 46 The Nature of Matter 1035 46-1 Matter Waves 1035 46-2 Testing DeBroglie’s Hypothesis 1036 46-3 Waves and Particles 1041 46-4 Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle 1042 46-5 The Wave Function 1044 46-6 Schrödinger’s Equation 1045 46-7 Barrier Tunneling 1046 Questions and Problems 1049 Chapter 47 Electrons in Potential Wells 1055 47-1 Electrons, Free and Bound 1055 47-2 An Electron Trapped in a Potential Well 1055 47-3 An Electron Trapped in a Finite Well 1060 47-4 An Electron Trapped in an Atom 1062 47-5 The Ground State of the Hydrogen Atom 1065 47-6 Angular Momentum of Electrons in Atoms 1066 47-7 An Excited State of the Hydrogen Atom 1069 47-8 Counting the States of Hydrogen 1070 Questions and Problems 1072 Chapter 48 Atomic Structure 1079 48-1 The X-ray Spectrum of Atoms 1079 48-2 X Rays and the Numbering of the Elements 1081 48-3 Building Atoms 1082 48-4 The Periodic Table 1083 48-5 Atomic Magnetism 1086 48-6 The Stern–Gerlach Experiment 1087 48-7 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 1089 48-8 Magnetism and Atomic Radiations (Optional) 1090 48-9 Lasers and Laser Light 1092 Questions and Problems 1096 Chapter 49 Electrical Conduction in Solids 1103 49-1 Quantum Theory of Solids 1103 49-2 Conduction Electrons in a Metal 1104 49-3 Filling the Allowed States 1105 49-4 Electrical Conduction in Metals 1108 49-5 Bands and Gaps 1109 49-6 Conductors, Insulators, and Semiconductors 1111 49-7 Doped Semiconductors 1112 49-8 The pn Junction 1114 49-9 Optical Electronics 1117 49-10 The Transistor 1119 49-11 Superconductors 1120 Questions and Problems 1122 Chapter 50 Nuclear Physics 1129 50-1 Discovering the Nucleus 1129 50-2 Some Nuclear Properties 1131 50-3 Radioactive Decay 1135 50-4 Alpha Decay 1136 50-5 Beta Decay 1138 50-6 Measuring Ionizing Radiation 1139 50-7 Natural Radioactivity 1140 50-8 Nuclear Reactions 1141 50-9 Nuclear Models (Optional) 1143 Questions and Problems 1145 Chapter 51 Energy from the Nucleus 1153 51-1 The Atom and the Nucleus 1153 51-2 Nuclear Fission: The Basic Process 1154 51-3 Theory of Nuclear Fission 1155 51-4 Nuclear Reactors: The Basic Principles 1157 51-5 A Natural Reactor 1159 51-6 Thermonuclear Fusion: The Basic Process 1161 51-7 Thermonuclear Fusion in Stars 1162 51-8 Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion 1164 Questions and Problems 1167 Chapter 52 Particle Physics and Cosmology 1173 52-1 Particle Interactions 1173 52-2 Families of Particles 1176 52-3 Conservation Laws 1179 52-4 The Quark Model 1181 52-5 The Big Bang Cosmology 1186 52-6 Nucleosysthesis 1190 52-7 The Age of the Universe 1192 Questions and Problems 1194 Appendices A. The International System of Units (SI) A-1 B. Fundamental Physcial Constants A-3 C. Astronomical Data A-4 D. Properties of the Elements A-6 E. Periodic Table of the Elements A-9 F. Elementary Particles A-10 G. Conversion Factors A-12 H. Vectors A-17 I. Mathematical Formulas A-20 J. Nobel Prizes in Physics A-22 Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems A-26 Photo Credits P-1 Index I-1